PROJECT

Intel(Integrated Electronic)-is a US based multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. Intel also makes networking cards, components, and other devices. Intel has advanced research projects in all aspects of semiconductor manufacturing, including MEMS.

It was founded in 1968 by Gordon E. Moore and Robert Noyce. Its employee number 4 was Andrew Grove, who ran the company more or less from his arrival in the 1960s through his retirement in the 1990s, building it into one of the largest and most successful businesses in the world.

Moore and Noyce wanted to name their new company 'Moore Noyce' but that was already trademarked by a hotel chain, so they had to settle for an acronym of INTegrated ELectronics.

The company started as a memory manufacturer before making the switch to processors. Andrew Grove described this transition in the book Only the Paranoid Survive.

During the 1990s, Intel's Intel Architecture Labs (IAL) was responsible for many of the hardware innovations of the Personal Computer, including the PCI Bus, the Universal Serial Bus (USB), and the now-dominant architecture for multi-processor servers. IAL's software efforts met with a more mixed fate; its video and graphics software was important in the development of software digital video, but later its efforts were largely overshadowed by competition from Microsoft. The competition between Intel and Microsoft was revealed in testimony at the Microsoft anti-trust trial.

Intel's dominance in the x86 microprocessor market led to numerous charges of antitrust violations over the years, including FTC investigations in both the late 1980s and in 1999, and civil actions such as the 1997 suit by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and a patent suit by Intergraph. Intel's market dominance (at one time it controlled over 85% of the market for 32-bit PC microprocessors), combined with Intel's own hardball legal tactics (such as its infamous 338 patent suit versus PC manufacturers) made it an attractive target for litigation, but few of the lawsuits ever amounted to anything. Currently, the only major competitor to Intel on the x86 processor market is Advanced Micro Devices, although some smaller competitors such as Transmeta produce low-consumption processors for portable equipment.

Intel currently (as of 2004) produces microprocessors, networking components, motherboard chipsets, and more.

Processor-the part of a computer (a microprocessor chip) that does most of the data processing; the CPU and the memory form the central part of a computer to which the peripherals are attached

THE LATEST PROCESSOR

1.
For dual-core and single-core processing:
Intel® Wide Dynamic Execution Improves execution speed and efficiency, delivering more instructions per clock cycle. Each core can complete up to four full instructions simultaneously.
Intel® Smart Memory Access Improves system performance by optimizing the use of the available data bandwidth.
Intel® Advanced Digital Media Boost Accelerates the execution of Streaming SIMD Extension (SSE) instructions to significantly improve the performance on a broad range of applications, including video, audio, image, media boost, photo processing, multimedia, encryption, financial, engineering, and scientific applications. The 128-bit SSE instructions are now issued at a throughput rate of one per clock cycle, effectively doubling execution speed on a per clock basis over previous generation processors.
Intel® 64 architecture± An enhancement to Intel® 32-bit architecture that allows the processor to access larger amounts of memory. With appropriate 64-bit supporting hardware and software, platforms based on an Intel® processor supporting Intel® 64 architecture enable the use of extended virtual and physical memory.
Execute Disable Bit° Provides enhanced virus protection when deployed with a supported operating system. The Execute Disable Bit marks memory as executable or non-executable, allowing the processor to raise an error to the operating system. If malicious code attempts to run in non-executable memory, the malicious code is prevented from infecting the system.
For dual-core processing only:
Intel® Advanced Smart Cache The shared L2 cache is dynamically allocated to each processor core based on workload. This increases the probability that each core can access data from fast L2 cache, significantly reducing latency to frequently used data and improving performance.




2.
SAN FRANCISCO - Clarkdale to Core 2 Duo and Core 2 Quad (and the North Bridge): Hasta la Vista, baby.

Intel’s latest processor iteration has taken the shrink-ray to its Nehalem architecture, wrapping the company’s first 32-nanometer CPU in a brand new name (Westmere) and integrating a brand-new graphics die onto the processor. But don’t hold your breath for a perfect all-in-one package just yet: While the new Core i3 and Core i5 Clarkdale chips support a host of new options for Blu-Ray enthusiasts and casual graphics aficionados (crank those Windows 7 Aero details, connect multiple monitors, and run picture-in-picture on your Blu-ray discs), Clarkdale still delivers little to help more advanced gaming scenarios.

Upcoming Chips: What’s In It For You?

First, know that Clarkfield represents a total of seven new CPU variants: Four in the Core i5 series, two of the first Core i3 CPUs, and one Pentium G6950 entry-level variant. The prices and frequencies range from the $87, 2.8-GHz Pentium G6950 to the $284, 3.46-GHz Core i5-670. If you take a look at the load-out versus current Lynnfield-based CPUs (Core i7 800-series and Core i5-700 series processors), you might think you’ve entered into that ol’ faster-dual-core-or-slower-quad-core war from years past. You haven’t.

Clarkdale CPUs offer better performance for a better price than all but the most costly Core 2 Duo and Core 2 Quad processors (the Penryn family). However, just because they also sport faster speeds than their Lynnfield cohorts–including the “turbo clock” overclocked Core i5-600 series –doesn’t mean that they’re speedier CPUs in general. A 3.33-GHz Core i5-661 Intel test platform (using Intel’s new DH55TC motherboard) fell slightly shy of the WorldBench 6 scores from similarly-configured Lynnfield desktop systems that we’ve reviewed recently. However, it did overtake the scores of all stock-clocked Core i7-920 systems–a 45nm Bloomfield processor.

Compatibility

Four chipsets (all using the LGA 1156 socket) are compatible with the Clarkdale platform: the H55, H57, Q57, and standard Lynnfield P55-based motherboards. Here’s where it gets interesting. H55, H57, and Q57-based boards are identical in their overall construction, with each offering a new subset of Intel features as you go up the price range. H57-based motherboards can support two additional USB ports, two extra PCI Express x1 lanes, and support for Intel’s RAID-based Rapid Storage Technology. Q57 boards, more for business use, include Intel’s Active Management Technology–remote technical support. You can stick a Clarkdale processor in a P55 motherboard or, vice versa, a Lynnfield processor in an H55, H57, or Q57 motherboard. Either situation forces you to use a discrete graphics card, however.

Graphics Performance

As mentioned, integrated gaming performance isn’t for tough titles. While Clarkdale systems might thrive on less demanding titles, the CPU’s integrated graphics weren’t enough to deliver playable frame-rates on PC World’s Unreal Tournament 3 benchmark at anything but a 1024-by-768 resolution screen at medium quality settings or less. And a forewarning: the sixteen PCI Express x16 lanes supported by Clarkdale chips cannot be split into dual x8 lanes for CrossFire or SLI should you aspire to transform your Clarkdale rig into a souped-up gaming machine. Clarkdale intends to make its mark on more common computers… including those in your living room.

And if you’re interested in a mobile version of Clarkdale, you’ll want to check out all the details on its equivalent for notebooks, Arrandale.
When Will Clarkdale Processors Arrive?

Intel hasn’t announced availability of its Clarkdale processors just yet, but the not-quite-a-rumor is that the company will be unveiling the Westmere lineup preceding CEO Paul Otellini’s keynote speech at the 2010 Consumer Electronics Show this Thursday.



3.

Concurrent Technologies introduces a leading edge high performance 3U VPX-REDI single board computer based on Intel’s latest dual-core processors. The TR 501/36x is designed to comply with the OpenVPX VITA 65 standard, and utilizes the 1.86 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo SL9400 processor and the Intel® GS45 mobile class chipset both from the Intel® embedded roadmap, ensuring long term availability. The board supports up to 8 Gbytes DDR3-1066 soldered SDRAM and a wide variety of I/O interfaces including an XMC site. The rugged conduction cooled variant, TR 501/36x RC, supports VPX RE

4.

Business takes you places-when it does, you want the best Intel®-based laptops for business with Intel® Centrino® with vPro™ technology. Combining remote manageability, unique hardware-assisted and proactive security features, and breakthrough mobile performance, these laptops provide reliability IT can trust, unleashed.

5.

The Intel® Atom™ processor was designed from the ground up for low power and innovative devices, enabling a broad range of new devices from Mobile Internet Devices (MIDs) to netbooks and entry-level desktop PCs, and more.

The next-generation Intel Atom processor for net-books and entry-level desktops continues to provide innovation through integrated graphics built directly into the CPU using Intel® 45nm high-k metal gate technology, enabling smaller and more energy efficient designs.

Enjoy easy Internet access on-the-go with a compact net-book with long battery life as an Internet companion. Bring the Internet and basic computing to new places around the home with an entry-level desktop.

MOTHERBOARD-is the main circuit board of a microcomputer. The motherboard contains the connectors for attaching additional boards. Typically, the motherboard contains the CPU, BIOS, memory, mass storage interfaces, serial and parallel ports, expansion slots, and all the controllers required to control standard peripheral devices, such as the display screen, keyboard, and disk drive. Collectively, all these chips that reside on the motherboard are known as the motherboard's chipset.

LATEST MOTHERBOARD

1.
Four new desktop boards have launched in conjunction with the latest Intel® Core™ processors. Take advantage of these feature-rich boards and the new intelligent performance features of the Intel® Core™ i7-800 series processors and Intel® Core™ i5-700 series processor today.Designed to provide the performance needed to enable you to create, share, and enjoy digital entertainment.The Intel® Desktop Board DP55WG fulfills all your digital creation and consumption needs running the latest Intel® Core™ processors in the LGA1156 socket.

2.
The Intel Desktop Board DP55WB is built with the new Intel P55 Express Chipset, supporting the Intel Core i7 and Intel Core i5 processors in the LGA1156 package. The revolutionary two-chip layout enables lower power consumption and more advanced performance tuning for a smoother, more realistic experience.



3.
Form factor ATX (12.00 inches by 9.60 inches [304.80 millimeters by 243.84 millimeters])
Processor Click View supported processors for the most current list of compatible processors.
At product launch, this desktop board supports:

* Support for a Intel® Core™ i7 processor in an LGA1366 socket

Memory

* Four 240-pin DDR3 SDRAM Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) sockets
* Support for DDR3 1600 MHzς, DDR3 1333 MHzς, DDR3 1066 MHz
* Support for up to 16 GBς of system memory

Chipset

* Intel® X58 Express Chipset

Audio Intel® High Definition Audio subsystem in the following configuration:

* 10-channel (7.1) Dolby Home Theater* Audio subsystem with five analog audio outputs and two S/PDIF digital audio outputs (coaxial and optical) using the Realtek* ALC889 audio codec

Video

* Nvidia SLI* and ATI CrossFire* multi-GPU platform support enables two graphics cards to work together for ultimate 3D gaming performance and visual quality
* Full support of next-generation ATI CrossFire* and Nvidia SLI*

LAN support Gigabit (10/100/1000 Mbits/sec) LAN subsystem
Peripheral interfaces

* Twelve USB 2.0 ports (8 external ports, 2 internal headers)
* Six Serial ATA 3.0 Gb/s ports, including 2 eSATA port with RAID support supplied by a Marvell* controller
* Two IEEE-1394a ports (1 external port, 1 internal header)
* Consumer IR receiver and emitter (via internal headers)

Expansion capabilities

* One PCI Conventional* bus add-in card connectors (SMBus routed to PCI Conventional bus add-in card connector)
* One primary PCI Express* 2.0 x16 (electrical x16) bus add-in card connector
* One secondary PCI Express 2.0 x16 (electrical x16) bus add-in card connector
* One PCI Express* 1.0a x16 (electrical x4) bus add-in card connector

4.



5.EVGA posted up pictures today of a pair of upcoming motherboards based on the H55 and H57 chipsets and the boards look killer to say the least. EVGA is not saying anything else about the boards other than details are coming very soon. Expect to see more about these boards during out CES 2010 coverage!

1. Network
Topology is the physical interconnections of the elements
and network topology is determined only by the graphical mapping of the
configuration of physical and/or logical connections between nodes. The
study of network topology uses graph theory. Distances between nodes,
physical interconnections, transmission rates, and/or signal types may
differ in two networks and yet their topologies may be identical.A local
area network (LAN) is one example of a network that exhibits both a
physical topology and a logical topology.



2.>Bus Topology



In this type of network topology, all the nodes of a network
are connected to a common transmission medium having two endpoints. All
the data that travels over the network is transmitted through a common
transmission medium known as the bus or the backbone of the
network. Bus topology is easy to handle and implement and
is best suited for small networks. But the downside of this topology is
that the limited cable length limits the number of stations, thus
limiting the performance to a less number of nodes.

>Ring Topology



In a ring topology, every node in the network is connected to two other
nodes and the first and the last nodes are connected to each other. The
data that are transmitted over the network pass through each of the
nodes in the ring until they reach the destination node. In a ring
network, the data and the signals that pass over the network travel in a
single direction. The dual ring topology varies in having two
connections between each of the network nodes. The data flow along two
directions in the two rings formed thereby. The ring topology does not
require a central server to manage connectivity between the nodes and
facilitates an orderly network operation. But, the failure of a single
station in the network can render the entire network inoperable. Changes
and moves in the stations forming the network affect the network
operation.

>Mesh Topology



In a full mesh network, each network node is connected to every other node
in the network. Due to this arrangement of nodes, it becomes possible
for a simultaneous transmission of signals from one node to several
other nodes. In a partially connected mesh network, only some of the
network nodes are connected to more than one node. This is beneficial
over a fully connected mesh in terms of redundancy caused by the
point-to-point links between all the nodes. The nodes of a mesh network
require possessing some kind of routing logic so that the signals and
the data traveling over the network take the shortest path during each
of the transmissions.

>Star Topology


In this type of network topology, each node
of the network is connected to a central node, which is known as a
hub. The data that is transmitted between the network nodes passes
across the central hub. A distributed star is formed by the
interconnection of two or more individual star networks. The
centralized nature of a star network provides a certain amount of
simplicity while also achieving isolation of each device in the
network. However, the disadvantage of a star topology is that the
network transmission is largely dependent on the central hub. The
failure of the central hub results in total network
inoperability.


>Tree Topology



It is also known as a hierarchical topology and has a central root node that
is connected to one or more nodes of a lower hierarchy. In a
symmetrical hierarchy, each node in the network has a specific fixed
number of nodes connected to those at a lower level.

Apart from these basic types of network topologies, there are hybrid network
topologies, which are composed of a combination of two or more basic
topologies. These network mappings aim at harnessing the advantages of
each of the basic topologies used in them. Network topologies are the
physical arrangements of network nodes and wires. What is interesting
is that the inanimate nodes and wires turn 'live' for the transmission
of information!

3.Open System Interconnection

>A layer is a collection of conceptually similar functions that
provide services to the layer above it and receives service from the
layer below it. On each layer an instance provides services to the instances at the layer above and requests service from the layer below. For example, a layer that provides error-free communications across a network provides the path needed by applications above it, while it calls the next lower layer to send and
receive packets that make up the contents of the path. Conceptually two
instances at one layer are connected by a horizontal protocol
connection on that layer.

4.

>The Physical Layer is the first and lowest layer in the
seven-layer OSI model of computer networking.Physical Layer defines the means of transmitting raw bits rather than logical data packets over a physical
link connecting network nodes. The bit stream may be grouped into code words or
symbols and converted to a physical signal that is transmitted over a hardware transmission medium. The Physical Layer provides an electrical, mechanical, and procedural interface to the transmission medium. The shapes and properties of the electrical connectors, the frequenciesto broadcast on, the modulation scheme to use and similar low-level parameters, are specified here.




>The Data Link Layer is Layer 2 of the seven-layer OSI
model of computer networking.The Data Link Layer is the protocol layer which transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network or between nodeson the same local area network segment.Data Link Layer is concerned with local delivery of frames between devices on the same LAN. Data Link frames, as these protocol data units are called, do not cross the boundaries of a local network. Inter-network routing and global addressing are higher layer functions,allowing Data Link protocols to focus on local delivery, addressing, and media arbitration. In this way, the Data Link layer is analogous to a neighborhood traffic cop; it endeavors to arbitrate between parties contending for access to a medium.


>The Network Layer is Layer 3 of
the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. Network Layer provides the
functional and procedural means of transferring variable length
data sequences from a source to a destination host via one or more networks while maintaining the quality of service and error control functions.

>Transport Layer is a group of methods and protocols within a layered architecture of network components within which it is responsible for encapsulating application data blocks into data units (datagrams, segments)suitable for transfer to the network infrastructure for transmission tothe destination host, or managing the reverse transaction by abstracting network datagrams and delivering their payload to an application.


>The Session Layer is Layer 5 of the seven-layer OSI
model of computer networking.Session Layer provides the mechanism for opening, closing and managing a session between end-user application processes, i.e. a semi-permanent dialogue. Communication sessions consist of requests and responses that occur between applications. Session Layer services are commonly used in application environments that make use of remote procedure calls (RPCs).

>The Presentation Layer is Layer 6 of the seven-layer OSI
model of computer networking.Presentation Layer is responsible for the delivery and formatting of information to the application layer for further processing or display.Presentation Layer is the lowest layer at which application programmers consider data structure and presentation, instead of simply sending data in form
of data grams or packets between hosts.

>The application layer is the OSI layer closest to the end user, which means that both the OSI application layer and the user interact directly with the software application. This layer interacts with software applications that implement a
communicating component. Such application programs fall outside the
scope of the OSI model. Application layer functions typically include
identifying communication partners, determining resource availability,
and synchronizing communication.


5.Networking is the practice of linking two or more
computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks
are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software.

6.Example of Networking

>routed Ethernet with home PNA bridge

>Ethernet & bridge home PNA with multiple IPs from ISP.




>DSL with wireless Access point(with Nat routing)




>Ethernet, home PNA wireless combination




>Ethernet and wireless combination with access point


Example 5: Ethernet and Wireless Combination with Access Point

7.Networking Device

• Gateway: device sitting at a network node for interfacing with another network that uses different protocols. Works on OSI layers 4 to 7.
• Router: a specialized network device that determines the next network point to which to forward a data packet toward its destination. Unlike a gateway, it cannot interface different protocols. Works on OSI layer 3.
• Bridge: a device that connects multiple network segments along the data link layer. Works on OSI layer 2.
• Switch: a device that allocates traffic from one network segment to certain lines (intended destination(s)) which connect the segment to another network segment. So unlike a hub a switch splits the network traffic and sends it to different destinations rather than to all systems on the network. Works on OSI layer 2.
• Hub: connects multiple Ethernet segments together making them act as a single segment. When using a hub, every attached device shares the same broadcast domain and the same collision domain. Therefore, only one computer connected to the hub is able to transmit at a time. Depending on the network topology, the hub provides a basic level 1 OSI model connection among the network objects (workstations, servers, etc). It provides bandwidth which is shared among all the objects, compared to switches, which provide a dedicated connection between individual nodes. Works on OSI layer 1.
• Repeater: device to amplify or regenerate digital signals received while setting them from one part of a network into another. Works on OSI layer 1.

8.Networking Cables

* Category 5 cable is a twisted pair high signal integrity cable type often referred to as Cat5 or Cat-5. Most cables are unshielded, relying on the twisted pair design for noise rejection, and some are shielded. Category 5 has been superseded by the Category 5e specification structured cabling for computer networks such as Ethernet, and is also used to carry many other signals such as basic voice services, token ring, and ATM (at up to 155 Mbit/s, over short distances).

CATEGORY 5 PATCH CABLE

*Category 5 cable includes twisted pairs in a single cable jacket. This use of balanced lines helps preserve a high signal-to-noise ratio despite interference from both external sources and other pairs (this latter form of interference is called crosstalk). It is most commonly used for 100 Mbit/s networks, such as 100BASE-TX Ethernet, although IEEE 802.3ab defines standards for 1000BASE-T – Gigabit Ethernet over category 5 cable. Cat 5 cables typically has three twists per inch of each twisted pair of 24 gauge (AWG) copper wires within the cables.

8P8C MODULAR PLUG

*A patch cable is an electrical or optical cable, used to connect one electronic or optical device to another for signal routing. Devices of different types (ie: a switch connected to a computer, or switch to router) are connected with patch cords. It is a very fast connection speed. Patch cords are usually produced in many different colors so as to be easily distinguishable.

> Cat5E cable Over molded Boots, Cat6 Patch cable Over molded Boots, Cat5F patch cable No boots, Flat Black satin RJ45 cable

* Telco Cables & IBM Cables
Cypress Industries is one of the few wire and cable manufacturers whose Asian manufacturing facilities have the ability to terminate 25 pair cables for Cat5 or Cat 3 applications. This allows us to provide extremely competitive pricing on higher volume 25 pair orders. We also have the ability to quickly manufacture these products in the United States to your specifications.

>25 pair to RJ45 cable,RJ45 loop back cable





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audio Video cable computer cable


networking cable